Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by ( teleonomic), ( cybernetic), feedback-driven influences. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. Why? Because the “system” involves more than the rules of the game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict “history” - i.e., the course of any given game. why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. But that aside, the game of chess illustrates. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy they do not in fact “generate” anything. System videnskabsmanden Peter Corning siger at levende systemer ikke kan reduceres til de underliggende fysiklove: there is some property of "wholeness") (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves) and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived)." For good measure, Goldstein throws in ( supervenience). "The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems) (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time) (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. Goldstein's definition kan yderligere udvide detajleringsgraden i beskrivelsen: Goldstein definerede oprindeligt emergens som: "the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems". Økonomen ( Jeffrey Goldstein) gav den nuværende definition af emergens i tidskriftet Emergence. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference." It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are ( homogeneous) and ( commensurable). "Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces their sum, when their directions are the same - their difference, when their directions are contrary. Termen "emergens" blev navngivet af filosoffen ( G. John Stuart Mill og ( Julian Huxley) er to af mange videnskabsfolk og filosoffer, som har skrevet om begrebet. Ideen om emergens har eksisteret siden i hvert fald Aristoteles. Næsten alle former for ( emergentisme) omfatter en form for epistemisk eller ontologisk irreducibilitet til de lavere niveauer. Indenfor filosofi refererer emergens typisk til ( emergentisme). Neurobiologiske fænomener bliver ofte opfattet som grundlag for psykologiske fænomener, som økonomiske fænomener derfor baserer sig på. Fx bliver fænomenet liv studeret i biologi almindeligvis opfatter som et emergent egenskab af interagerende molekyler, som studeres i kemi - og molekylers fænomener skyldes interaktioner mellem elementarpartikler, som igen modelleres i partikelfysik. En termit "katedral" høj lavet af en termitkoloni er et klassisk eksempel på emergens i naturen.Įmergens er central i teorier af ( integrationsniveauer) og af komplekse systemer. Formation af komplekse symmetriske og fraktale snefnugs ( mønstre) er et eksempel på emergens i et fysisk system. Indenfor filosofi, systemteori, videnskab og kunst er emergens processen hvorved større entiteter, ( helheder), mønstre og ( regulariteter) opstår gennem vekselvirkning mellem mindre eller simplere entiteter, selvom disse ikke selv udviser eller besidder sådanne ( egenskaber).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |